Oxford Strengthening Technique Analysis

Oxford Strengthening Technique Analysis Strengthening exercise was used comprehensively in sport training and rehabilitation setting which recognize as an important exercise mode for sport performance as well as health purposes. The term strengthening exercise and resistive training was used interchangeably which targets to improve the maximum amount of force that can be generated by a particular muscle group. It can be define as any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically (Smith, Weiss, Lehmkuhl, 1996). The strength training exercise can be classified into three categories which are isometric or static, dynamic or isotonic and isokinetic (Power Howley, 2009). Following a strength training program, physiological changes will occurs which increased the muscle mass (Ikai Fukunaga, 1968), muscle size or hypertrophy (Always, 1990) and hyperplasia (Mikesky, Giddings, Matthews, Gonyea, 1991). Other than that, in is also believed strength training may result in fast-fiber type conversion in humans (Staron et al., 1990). Staron et al., 1990, demonstrated that, twenty weeks of high intensity strength training result in conversion of type IIx fibers to type IIa in collage age females. Besides, strength training will induce central nervous system changes, which can increase the number of motor units recruited, alter motor neuron firing rates, enhance motor unit synchronization during particular movement pattern and result in the removal of neural inhibition. This will result an improvement in the amount of muscular force generated and appears after few weeks of training session (Rube Secher, 2008). Even though strength training reported to be beneficial, however it may increase cellular damage. Mechanical loads impose stress, strain and sometimes damage on working muscles and connective tissues (Razmjou, Rajabi, Jannati, Azizi, Jahandideh, 2010). Despite the established effectiveness of resistance training, uncertainty still exist as to the most efficient way to train. Designing a resistance training program is complex processes which are incorporating several acute program variables and key training principles. The effectiveness of a resistance training program to achieve a specific training outcome are depending on several acute program variables, all of which affect the degree of the resistance training stimuli (Bird, Tarpenning, Marino, 2005). Throughout the century, various types of exercises regime are arise. Most fame of strengthening exercises is the DeLorme Regime, Oxford Regime, McQueen Regime, Daily Adjustable Progressive Resistance Exercise Technique (DAPRE) and Circuit Training. Several programs have been developed to assist with the design of resistance training program and many of these programs have been advocated for use in the rehabilitation setting (Baechle Earle, 2008). Several key training principles govern safe and effective resistance training program design, including overload, specificity, adaptation, progression, individualization and maintenance (Power Howley, 2009). From the pioneering work of DeLorme and Watkins, the concept of progressive overload exercise (PRE) has become the foundation of resistance training program design. Their works describe the classic program variables of load, frequency, duration and intensity, which to achieve such overload. It shows that, with training strength return more quickly to atrophied muscles if relatively few repetitions are performed at high levels of resistance. This is the basis for the most weight training program (DeLorme Watkins, 1948). The DeLorme exercise technique was based on the progression from light to heavy weight and also known as pyramid resistance training (Razmjou, et al., 2010). DeLorme hypothesized that, the muscle need to be warm up by the 10 repetition maximum (RM) reach before progress to the heavy resistance. In the other hand, he suggested the training overloaded a muscle by increasing the magnitude of the weight against which the muscle developed tension. Therefore, they established training by starting it from 50% of 10 RM for the first set, 75% of 10 RM for second set and 100% of 10 RM for third set (da Silva et al., 2009; Fish, Krabak, Johnson-Greene, 2003; Razmjou, et al., 2010) Another method to strengthen muscle is the Oxford technique or the reverse pyramid technique. The Oxford technique is emphasizing training from the high load to the lighter load based on the 10 RM. It starts from the 100 % of 10 RM, 75 % of 10 RM and 50 % of 10 RM for the first, second and third set respectively. This exercise technique was thought the decrement of resistance would mimic the progressive increased in muscle fatigue. Each set of repetition would continue to exercise the muscle to its maximum capacity, thus preserving the overload principles (da Silva, et al., 2009; Fish, et al., 2003; Razmjou, et al., 2010). Many authors have tried to establish normative data for muscular evaluation in various populations that might serve to orientate a rehabilitation program and aid in the detection of the causes of musculoskeletal system injuries, thereby facilitating preventive action. Therefore, isokinetic dynamometry is widely used for muscular function studies because it facilitates a dynamic, objective, accurate and reproducible evaluation. This measurement is feasible for the resistance applied to the movement and can be adapted to permit a constant angular velocity during the whole range of motion, thus, it optimizes the load, which is always the maximum. This evaluation allows characterizing the muscular alterations resulting from the practice of sports, leading to the improvement of performance, training specificity and injury prevention (Siqueira, Pelegrini, Fontana, Greve, 2002). In order to evaluate the muscular performance, an isokinetic dynamometer was used and the tests involved maximum voluntary contractions of the selected muscles (Fonseca et al., 2007). The isokinetic evaluation becomes increasingly necessary in the high performance sports scenario, since it allows identifying and quantifying muscular performance and balance of athletes. Such evaluation makes it possible to plan specific and functional training of the lower limbs, besides elucidating specific deficiencies of the muscular function so that they can be eliminated or minimized, allowing the designing of prevention programs to decrease incidence of muscle lesions. According to Deschenes Kraemer, 2002 state that depending on program design, it capable in enhancing each of the functional constituents of the neuromuscular system, which are strength, power and local muscular endurance (Deschenes Kraemer, 2002). Despite the proven effectiveness of resistance training, it is still unclear which exercise regimen is more suitable and there are many efficient way to train to develop muscle strength (Razmjou, et al., 2010). However, there are less research had been done to measure the effectiveness of DeLorme and Oxford techniques in rehabilitation or muscle strength training. 1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY In this study, several objectives were identified. The main objective in this study is to measure the effectiveness of DeLorme and Oxford strengthening exercise techniques on hamstring muscle by using isokinetic system evaluation. This are includes the evaluation of the peak torque, average peak torque, average power, total work, acceleration time and deceleration time within 6 weeks of exercise training interventions. This finding will help the clinician or exercise physician to have evidence based guidelines to rule out their exercise prescription. Other than that, this study also investigates the immediate effect of Delorme and oxford strengthening exercise technique within 3 weeks. Therefore, this finding may help us to determine which exercise techniques have greater immediate effects and adaption on resistive or strengthening exercise. 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION Several research questions were developed upon this study. First research question for this study was upon the effectiveness of DeLorme and Oxford strengthening exercise regime technique within 6 weeks of training. Other research question that may develop upon this study is upon the immediate effects of DeLorme and Oxford strengthening exercise regime within 3 weeks of training. 1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Ho There is no mean difference of peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of average peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of average peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of average power of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of average power of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of total work of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of total work of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of acceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of acceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of deceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of deceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 6 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of average peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of average peak torque of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of average power of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of average power of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of total work of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of total work of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of acceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of acceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ho There is no mean difference of deceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. Ha There is at least one pair of mean difference of deceleration time of hamstring muscle among DeLorme, Oxford and control group within 3 weeks. 1.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY 1.5.1 Disease and health Health condition of the subjects should be concern especially the illness that cause by environmental condition such as fever, cough, influenza or hypothermia. As this research requires the subjects to be immersed in the cold water, some illness might be infected to the subjects. Therefore, any subject whose suffering or had high tendency to be infected to those illnesses was advisable not to join the research because it might cause their health become worse. 1.5.2 Quitting or withdrawal Besides that, other delimitation that might occur is the withdrawal or quitting from the study. As the temperature of the water is cold, it might cause some of the subjects could not withstand to be immersed according to the time stated. Therefore, they might quit from the study and would cause the number of the subjects is decreasing. 1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS In this study, specific terms were use as it would give a clearer explanation upon this research. Some of the terms used in this study were stated below: 1.6.1 Isokinetic system Commercial computer-assistive devices used to assess dynamic muscular force and strength measurement which provides variable resistance. 1.6.2 DeLorme strengthening exercise regime The Delorme system incorporates progression from light to heavy resistance, adding resistance with each set. There are many variations in the progression. However, the Delorme was 50% of 10 RM for the first set, 75% of 10 RM for second set and 100% of 10 RM for third set. 1.6.3 Oxford strengthening exercise regime The Oxford system is the opposite of Delorme with progression from heavy to light, and it reverses the resistance levels. 1.6.4 Peak torque Highest muscular force output at any moment during a repetition. It indicates of a muscles strength capabilities. 1.6.6 Maximum repetition of total work Total muscular force output for the repetitions with greatest amount of work. Work is indicative of muscles capabilities to produce force throughout the range of motion. 1.6.7 Average power Total work divided by time. Power represents how quickly muscle can produce force. 1.6.8 Acceleration time Total time used to reach Isokinetic Speed. It indicates a muscles neuromuscular capabilities to move a limb from at the beginning of the range of motion. 1.6.9 Hamstring muscle Hamstring muscle is refers to a group of posterior thigh muscle which consist of semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris. They are acts as extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg. 1.6.10 Isometric exercise The tension develops in the muscle but no mechanical work is performed. 1.6.11 Isotonic exercise Exercise in which opposing muscles contract and there is controlled movement (tension is constant while the lengths of the muscles change)angu. It used to strengthen muscles and improve joint mobilization 1.6.13 10 repetition maximum (RM) The maximum amount of weight that could be lifted 10 times through a full range of motion.

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How? BY loveyal 2345 Midterm 2 Review Antibodies Experimental Purpose: We can â€Å"raise† antibodies against a specific antigen (protein of interest) How? Polyclonal: 1 antigen with many antibodies that bind to specific sites on the antigen (Received by injecting animal with protein of interest, waiting for that animal to build antibodies (B-lymphocytes). The lymphocytes are then extracted which give us the polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal: I antibody that binds to a specific site on the antigen. (These are received by the same way as polyclonal, expect you only extract ne antibody, and place that into a cancer cell to create a chimera of the two, the immortal cancer cell then acts like the monoclonal antibody. ) These are the best to use in experiments because they are specific to only ONE protein of interest. These antibodies can used in experiments to: Purify a protein of interest Visualize a particular protein in a live system or in a gel HowProbe the gel to visualize where a protein is. Probing Protein Structure 1) X-ray crystallography – Spend h your life producing sufficiently pure protein and obtaining a crystal protein (Crystallizing the proteins is a hard process) â€Å"Shoot† crystal protein with light, electrons, or radiation and examine the diffraction patterns with extremely powerful computers -Analyze all the data while considering the amino-acid sequence and build a 3-D model of the protein. ) NMR-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Used rarely) – For small proteins only – â€Å"Shoot† concentrated pure proteins with strong magnetic field to generate hydrogen atom vibrations. – Use computer program to measure reconstruct the structure of the protein by measuring the hydrogen atom vibrations. Mass spectrometry is used as a precursor to both of these experiments. It generates the amino-acid sequence.Protein Purification 1) Grow Cells with protein of inte rest (transferred on plasmid or native cell) 2) Lyse Cells -homogenization of tissues†did in lab -cell lysis buffers†break cell membrane -sonication†send sound waves through the cell to break membrane -pin-hole lysis†push mixture through an extremely tiny hole (Force large molecules through a small opening causes them to break apart) 3) Centrifugation A) Regular Centrifugation B) Differential Centrifugation: Sequential centrifugation @ increasing speeds (lowohigh) -low speed pellets = big things -high speed pellets= small things C) Velocity Centrifugation layer cell and lysate over a â€Å"density gradient† and centrifuge to separate by density. Remove layers to separate proteins. D)Equilibrium Sedimentation: another name for C 4) Column Cromatography 3 types Ion exchange (charge separation)†protein adheres to beads of an opposite charge Gel filtration (size separation)†matrix has holes, the large proteins come out last Affinity (Affinity s eparation)†beads have something on it that only your protein binds to. ) Electrophoresis (small volume separation or detection) -use polyacrylimide gel (creates a â€Å"mesh† in the gel to separate proteins by size and charge. separates denatured proteins 6) Isoelectric focusing based on isolelectric point of protein†2D electrophoresis Griffiths Experiment Conclusion: heat killed bacteria transformed nonviolent bacteria Extract of heat killing S-strain transform R-strain to become S-strain Isolated â€Å"transforming material† (TM) and determined it was DNA not proteins that carried genetic information. (Took 1 5 years) How do we test Added proteases Injected into mouse Mouse should live (According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however dies Added nucleases Mouse should die (According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however livesThis illustrated that DNA carried the genetic information Hershey-chase Experiments Bacteriophages†viru s that infect bacteria Inject DNA into bacteria (naked)†DNA unprotected by proteins Protein shell left outside of bacteria Label phages Label protein 7 groups of phages Label DNA in other groups of phages Mix both phage types with bacteria Blend bacterial mixture so that any viral parts outside the cell are ripped off Pellet bacteria and observe that only DNA label types is seen in pelleted bacteria Proved DNA carries genetic information 1) Grow bacteria with light DNA (14N) and heavy DNA (1 5N) which will separate to ifferent levels upon density-gradient centrifugation 2) Transfer heavy DNA and place in flask with light isotope Allows to eliminate conservative view 3) Heat DNA from step 2 to make it single stranded, then centrifuge.

Outsourcing – Pros and cons

Outsourcing is utilized to reduce cost, Increase quality, fulfill staffing resources, reduce fixed costs, and Increase profit margins. Any of the aforementioned reasons or combinations offers organizations variable costs (Noreen, Brewer, & Garrison, 2011). Outsourcing has become necessary for many organizations, The economy has changed drastically over the past few years Influencing more organizations to analyze the financial advantages or disadvantages of producing products and services in- house or outsourcing. Numerous components and variances contribute to the cost of doing business.The cost structure is the primary components of organizations. Some cost structures are fixed, variable, or mixed indicating a combination of fixed and variable. Variable cost is cost associated with activity, if activity increases variable cost increases. Variable cost warrant organizations to modify their business model. Some changes decrease expenses and increase return on investment (ROI). Profits are materialized when investments and expenses are maximized to Increase consistent residual Income. Residual Income â€Å"encourage managers to make Investment profitable for the entire company' (Noreen, Brewer, ; Garrison, 0111.The Investment of equipment, faculties, and labor Is related to fixed cost. Labor can be classified as fixed or variable, depending on the country in which the labor occurred. In other words, the flexibility of the management dictates the decision on whether labor is fixed or variable. Mixed cost components would be the monthly rent of a facility, labor, the overtime of production and services, and the increase in productivity (Noreen, Brewer, ; Garrison, 2011). The assignment and paper revolves around outsourcing of production or services.The article regarding outsourcing opens the mind to real life situation. Ford outsourced a portion of their productivity requirement to Visited because of Eviction's expertise. Eviction's client base was limited and may cause shareholders concern If his or her primary revenue was lost. Ford's agreement with Visited equates to 80% of Eviction's revenue stream (Higher, 2003). Organizations cannot depend on excellent revenue to continue generating the same amount of ROI or long-term client base. Materials, labor, fixed costs, and technological advancements, and taxes increase over time.The cost of tit geographic changes caused by wars, acts of God, the unemployment rate, and various other elements beyond control. The need to outsource Ford's business and capture new revenue became apparent. Therefore, Visited contracted with International Business Machines Corporation (MM) to relieve liability of potential revenue loss. IBM has changed directions and narrowed their scope of business. IBM started out manufacturing and selling hardware, mainframes, computers, typewriters, printers, and peripherals. Technology and economics have shaped the direction of most industries.IBM helped technology evolve and tr ansform changes within industries. Additionally, automation found in many organizations was started with IBM technology created more enhancements leading to rapidly deployed product or service offerings. The numerous changes forced industries and organizations to squeeze every area possible to shrink the cost structure. Profits keep the doors open and shareholders investing more money. Diversification is one way to generate revenue and profits. During the diversification process labor and material change organizations mixed cost.The variable cost elements are scrutinized and fluctuate until an organization solidifies direction. Sometimes diversifying includes outsourcing pieces of the business model. The outsourcing pieces vary, depending on the product or service the organization provides. The major focus in diversification relies on labor, materials, and sourcing (Noreen, Brewer, & Garrison, 2011). Labor for all industries have a wide range of wages based on Job descriptions and n umerous other elements. The same Job at another organization or location in the same industry may provide different wages.Labor is an expense requiring considerable analysis. Materials are another area similar to labor expense requiring exploratory analysis. Material and labor are key components to cost structure of organizations. Materials maintain fluctuating costs with location or source influencing the cost delivery timeshare, and expense of delivery. Each country, region, or states adds to the cost structure. Some countries have tax advantages and some have disadvantages depending on location (Eunuchs, Wallace, Wilson, Smith, 2004). Sourcing is an essential part of management duties and location of facilities.The task of developing and maintaining budgets contribute to the performance of an organization. Management's ability to carry out his or her Job duties in the best interest of the organization reflects on budgeting and management skills (Noreen, Brewer, ; Garrison, 2011). When outsourcing is under consideration an organizations core competencies determine the strength of their business model. Some companies have different opinions of a company's strengths. An exercise used in mapping out strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SOOT) is useful to identify areas warranting attention.A representative from all management levels and business units should meet to form a consensus on all four fundamentals of SOOT (Mullions & Walker, 2010). SOOT will add validity to areas vulnerable, missing talent, merit outside engagement, and will benefit from cost adjustments. However, in this case generalities will establish objectives and mind shaping ideas. The strength of an organization is the people, which enhance the core competencies needed to succeed. The employee's skills are prepared to handle the workload.The gaps in delivering a product or service compose the preliminary area a third party vendor s the lack of skilled labor and gaps in deliverabl es to supply the product or service at a cost-effective rate. The labor and materials provided by a third party will increase profits without compromising quality. Opportunities will enhance an organization. The enhancements will deliver new revenue streams. The opportunities may open numerous situations resulting in potential profits. The opposite appears in threats. Threats Jeopardize the organization. Competition is the leading agent in extracting revenue.The operating expenses exceeding ROI, labor, and material can push expenses out of control. However, taking control of expenses by contracting out portions of the business to third parties will off-set expenses stopping the threats and potentially saving the organization from closure or bankruptcy. The decision to in-house or contract to a third party a portion of an organizations product or service depends on the financial outcome. The bottom line for any organization should influence management's decision. The areas of an orga nization requiring employees with skills and expertise demand higher wages.Higher waged Jobs absorb a large portion of the operating expenses. Operating expenses are a huge allocation of the financial structure and cash flow. Operating expenses influences an organizations ability to invest and profits. Therefore, organizations must contain expenses and explorer all options to reduce fixed costs. Labor and material are another part of the operating budget. Every aspect of the operating budget demands scrutiny, evaluation, and comparing in-house to outsourced. In most cases in-house expenses are higher because wages, benefits, and fixed costs are extremely high in comparison to third-party.Wages, benefits, fixed costs, and time enrich an organization adding alee to the mix helps to Justify outsourcing. Value-added components manifest positive results increasing revenue and production. Outsourcing to a third party should add value. A relationship with a third party must create an exten sion of his or her existing organization. The contract between both parties should set the terms, conditions, and expectations to ensure clarity. Additionally, outsourcing benefits the contract organization as well as the consumer. When products or services are outsourced a reduction of cost benefits all parties.Many people do not look at the big picture. Jobs are lost in the country outsourcing but in return the country receives a cost savings to consumer purchases (Gorge & Hanley, 2004). Many companies outsource customer service, information technology help desk functions, and manufacturing, or assembly of parts. Labor and materials in low income, less restrictive labor laws, tax credits, and lower liabilities make outsourcing extremely cost-effective. The reduction in labor, materials, and fixed cost entice management to outsource (Gorge & Hanley, 2004).Outsourcing in many peoples opinion is taking jobs away from one-country and moving them to another. In the United States volume s of research have been conducted with a range of 300,000 to a projected 1. 4 million will be lost to outsourcing. However, the research cannot identify the exact amount of Jobs lost to outsourcing or natural progression and technology advancements (Gorge & Hanley, 2004). A United Kingdom study reveals more than 68% of organizations outsource a portion of products or services offshore. The same study indicates more than 50% of information technological work outsourced was below par.Additionally, more than 10% of work outsourced hampered production rage businesses. Small businesses will not profit or meet standard criteria for outsourcing Jobs (Gorge & Hanley, 2004). Some of the concerns people have in the United States is India and China will continue to take away more Jobs. The Jobs in information technology currently outsourced primarily require a college education. India and China have an average of six percent attending college between the ages of 18 and 24. Nonetheless, less th an one percent of the six percent speak English.Other things to consider -outsourced IT hardware reduced cost on the average of 10 to 30% 70% of Jobs in the United States cannot be outsourced -outsourcing has added Jobs in the import of products -outsourcing has increased the number of live contact with organizations instead of digitized prompting and automated responses -the United States economy has a projected growth rate of 13% that will increase the products and services currently offered -even though IT support is outsourced installation and repair will require local technicians and management of infrastructures -outsourcing businesses produced more than $50 billion in revenue for 2004 (Gorge & Hanley, 2004)Outsourcing is an effective way to lower cost and deliver higher quality service at a more affordable cost. Outsourcing provides an increase in operating efficiency, higher return on assets, and increase in profits. Outsourcing can provide new revenue streams with fewer ris k and lower collateral investment (Eunuchs, Wallace, Wilson, Smith, 2004). The make or buy analysis is a fast way to determine whether to in-house or outsource. Make or buy decision method can use full costing, incremental analysis, or variable costing. Full and variable costing process occurs when income statements are prepared. Income statements are not quickly prepared. The main goal is to decide if making or purchasing a product or service is cost- effective.Another aspect of making or purchasing is outsourcing does not incremental revenue. However, it does allow incremental costs, reduction in fixed costs, and potential savings. The potential savings will materialize in direct labor, material costs, and variable overhead costs (Noreen, Brewer, & Garrison, 2011). The savings from fixed and direct material cost would be seen in reduction of employee salaries, smaller facilities, and smaller facilities should equate to lower utilities. Material cost reduction will be observed by m aking smaller purchases. The reduction of expenses will carry-on to various other organizational expenses (Noreen, Brewer, & Garrison, 2011).Astray supported more than one-third of the Fortune 500 companies before the financial scandal in 2008. Astray is a company headquartered in India with more than 50,000 employees in 66 countries. The company enjoyed nine percent growth rate until the scandal. Satyr's financial scandal devastated the family-owned business. Mr.. Raja managed the company and overstated financial. The inflated financial assets, revenue, and ROI amassed fraud o the level of Enron. Astray is among the largest outsourcing organizations based in India. Outsourcing in the information technology sector generated more than $63 billion in revenue for India. Customer service is the second largest revenue stream in India in the area of outsourced labor (Timings, 2009).India maintains the largest percentage of outsourcing services in the world. The average salary is $10,250, the average income $8,000, and the average unemployment rate is 10%. However, various industries relies on India and China to squeeze out every penny of profit (Timings, 2009). Variable costs peak creating an environment of inconsistent expenses and profits. Consistent revenue enables price hedging for materials and dependable profits. Shareholders and board members manage investment portfolios with higher probability. Revenue steers long and short-term goals with accuracy. The Astray scenario adds to the degree of accuracy in accounting practices.Astray provided outsourcing services creating added value to clients. Visited and IBM added value to Ford and outsourcing services. Astray, Visited, MM, and Ford contracted portions of products, services, or outsourcing skills to improve profits and apply quality expertise. Revenue projections strengthen analytical analysis shaping future stock predictions improving profits. The pros and cons of outsourcing take time and careful considerat ion before the answer is realized on the company's financial statement. The pros and cons have been highlighted and opinions formed. Those opinions have objectivity and a sense of clarity to establish the strategy or mind shaping events.

Information Security Incident Noodles Companys...

Information Security Incident Noodles Company’s payment system’s integrity has been breached (Reuters, 2016). The data breach has affected both credit and debit cards used at some specific locations of the firm (Reuters, 2016). Subsequently, some reports highlight that the company has not been able to figure out the extent of the data breach that took away the customers’ sensitive information; it has also been mentioned that this data theft has mainly affected users who used their cards between Jan. 31 and June 2, 2016 (Reuters, 2016). Noodles Company is a fast food restaurant chain operator established in 1995 (About, 2016). The company offers noodle dishes, salads, sandwiches and soups all in a single location (restaurant) (About,†¦show more content†¦Event Impact and Risks Information security refers to confidentiality (accessible only to authorized individuals), availability (available when requested by an authorized person), and integrity (only authorized removal or alteration of information) of information (Yngstrom and Carlsen, 1997). And information security is required to retain a balance between various users of information (Kranakis et al., 2008). Such protocols have been violated by Noodles Company as the theft of credit and debit card information has jeopardized the customers’ sensitive financial information. Noodles Company’s payment system was targeted (Reuters, 2016). In their attempt, the hackers tried and accessed to the company’s payment system. This access enabled the hackers to access the financial information of the company’s customers. Subsequently, it cannot be denied that the hackers may have used the customers’ debit and credit card information for drawing money from the customers or they may have sold to any anonymous third party. In other words, this access has made private and sensitive information a public or sellable item in the black market. Additionally, many customers may have lost hundreds of dollars. Noodles Company commenced investigating in May when it found strange